After Pride's Purge, in which troops under the command of Colonel Thomas Pride arrested those in Parliament still loyal to the monarch, the chamber was reconvened with a membership that was decidedly anti-monarch. In the aftermath of the purge, the remaining Parliamentarians voted to arrest and execute Charles I.
However, the Royalists regrouped, signing a treaty with Catholics in Ireland. Cromwell led the invasion of Ireland, landing in Dublin on August 15, , and his forces soon took the ports of Drogheda and Wexford.
His troops killed an estimated 1, civilians at Wexford, which they allegedly attacked while he was trying to negotiate a truce. By the time the Irish surrendered in , the practice of Catholicism was banned in Ireland and all Catholic-owned land was confiscated and given to Protestant Scottish and English settlers, beginning a long period of suffering and poverty for the Irish people.
Cromwell would lead a subsequent military campaign against the Scots, including a decisive victory at the Scottish city of Dundee. With the Scots defeated, Parliament re-formed in Cromwell sought to push the legislative body to call for new elections and establish a united government over England, Scotland and Ireland. When some opposed, Cromwell forcibly disbanded Parliament. Several months later, following various attempts to establish a government, John Lambert, himself a key Parliamentary general during the English Civil Wars, drafted a new constitution, effectively making Cromwell Lord Protector for life.
The so-called Second Protectorate Parliament, instated in , offered to make Cromwell king. However, given that he had fought so hard to abolish the monarchy, he refused the post, and was ceremoniously appointed Lord Protector for a second time. Cromwell died from kidney disease or a urinary tract infection in at age 59 while still serving as Lord Protector. His son Richard Cromwell assumed the post, but was forced to resign due to a lack of support within Parliament or the military.
In the leadership vacuum that ensued, George Monck assumed control of the New Model Army and spearheaded the formation of a new Parliament, which proceeded to pass constitutional reforms that re-established the monarchy. In , Charles II, who had been living in exile, returned to England to assume the throne, thereby beginning the English Restoration.
His head was displayed atop a pole outside Westminster Hall for more than 20 years. Reviews in History. Cromwell was one of those who tried Charles in and sentenced him to death. Parliament asked Cromwell to crush the remaining royalist supporters of the king, who continued to rebel, against the authority of Parliament. He did this brutally, especially in Ireland and in particular at the siege of Drogheda in He found that he could not agree with them about how to rule the Commonwealth as to do so without a king was an entirely new and untested concept.
He went on to lead his army to victory and the forces of the king to a complete and unconditional defeat. In these few short years, Oliver Cromwell, rose from being a country gentleman and member of parliament with no military experience to being one of the greatest soldiers of his age. King Charles I was beheaded on January 30th He was walked through his own Palace of Whitehall in London and out of a window onto a scaffold that was built in the street. After Charles' execution, Parliament had tried to rule the county alone but many believed it was a disaster and wanted a king again, a system that had worked for hundreds of years.
Cromwell was offered the crown and he turned it down, however, on December 16th he agreed to become Lord Protector and reigned as a "King in all but name". This is the first time since the Battle of Hastings and the coronation of William the Conquerer, that England had no monarch.
Oliver Cromwell, as Lord Protector was a king in all but name. Only twenty years before he had been a struggling farmer in this house and now he was Head of State. History has judged Cromwell and feelings are divided. Oliver Cromwell died in the Palace of Whitehall in London on 3 rd September , just short of his 60 th birthday.
He died from a fever, which many now think was malaria, caught a decade before when he fought in Ireland. Cromwell, although already dead, did not escape. His corpse was dug up and then hanged and beheaded. Despite refusing the crown during his life, his wooden funeral effigy which lay in state at Somerset House before his funeral was dressed in robes with a crown, orb and sceptre. They were hanged in chains at Tyburn before being beheaded. Their bodies were thrown into common graves, and their heads were placed on spikes above Westminster Hall.
Since then the head has been reportedly through numerous hands, in various private and museum collections, even being put on display numerous times. Some believe that his body would have been moved between burial and exhumation to keep it away from angry royalists, so the body at Westminster Abbey would not have been his. Cromwell was a Puritan. They believed that the Church of England was too similar to the Roman Catholic Church, and that the reformation was not complete until it became more protestant.
No one was allowed to attend church services for Christmas, and anyone thought to be buying food for Christmas celebrations had it confiscated.
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