Thompson soon to become the discoverer of the electron. During his nine years in Montreal, Rutherford collaborated with the young Frederick Soddy winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in on ground-breaking research into the transmutation of elements. His "disintegration theory" of radioactivity identified radioactive phenomena as atomic, not molecular, processes, due to the spontaneous disintegration of atoms. It was for this work that he was the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in Otto Hahn who later discovered nuclear fission worked under Rutherford at the Montreal Laboratory in - In , Rutherford was appointed professor of physics at the University of Manchester, England.
It was his interpretation of these experiments in that led him to the Rutherford model of the atom , involving a very small positively-charged nucleus orbited by even tinier negatively-charged electrons , a great advance on J. In , Niels Bohr joined him at Manchester, and Bohr adapted Rutherford's nuclear structure to Max Planck 's quantum theory , and so obtained a theory of atomic structure which essentially remains valid to this day.
In , together with H. Moseley, Rutherford used cathode rays to bombard atoms of various elements and showed that the inner structures correspond with a group of lines which characterize the elements. Each element could then be assigned an atomic number which would define the properties of the specific element.
In , Rutherford returned to Cambridge when he was offered the Directorship of the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, a position he retained for many years, effectively until the end of his life. He was considered an inspiring leader of the Cavendish Laboratory, and steered numerous future Nobel Prize winners towards their great achievements including James Chadwick, Patrick Blackett, John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton as well as working with many others for shorter or longer periods including George Thomson, Edward Appleton, Cecil Powell and Francis Aston.
In , he became the first person to transmute one element into another when he converted nitrogen into oxygen through a nuclear reaction involving the shooting of alpha particles into nitrogen gas. He is also credited with the discovery of the proton , when he noticed the signatures of hydrogen nuclei being emitted during this process.
Ernest Rutherford postulated the nuclear structure of the atom, discovered alpha and beta rays, and proposed the laws of radioactive decay. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in A consummate experimentalist, Rutherford — was responsible for a remarkable series of discoveries in the fields of radioactivity and nuclear physics. He discovered alpha and beta rays, set forth the laws of radioactive decay, and identified alpha particles as helium nuclei.
Born on a farm in New Zealand, the fourth of 12 children, Rutherford completed a degree at the University of New Zealand and began teaching unruly schoolboys. He was released from this task by a scholarship to Cambridge University, where he became J.
He is often called the "father of nuclear physics. After studying with J. In Montreal, he conducted the research that led to his Nobel Prize, including discovering the principle of radioactive half-lives and separating and naming alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. Two years later, he, Hans Geiger, and Ernest Marsden conducted the Geiger-Marsden experiment, where they observed alpha particles scattering backwards when fired at a gold foil.
In , he became Cavendish Professor of Physics at Cambridge. Rutherford also coined the term "proton" and theorized about the existence of neutrons, which were discovered by his colleague and former student James Chadwick in Rutherford had an enormous influence on the field of nuclear physics and mentored many future Nobel Prize winners and prominent scientists, including Chadwick, Niels Bohr and Otto Hahn.
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